The Craziness of the Crystal

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The Craziness of the Crystal

12 August, 2020Articles, News

Over the recent past, most rehabs in South Africa, have seen an exponential growth in the number of clients who present with paranoid thoughts and behaviour as a result of the abuse of Crystal Meth as it is commonly called.

Where did it originate.

“Methamphetamine is a man-made stimulant that’s been around for a long time. During World War II, soldiers were given meth to keep them awake. People have also taken the drug to lose weight and ease depression.” It has also been used for the treatment of obesity and in the treatment of ADHD. Today, the only legal meth product is a tablet for treating obesity and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Crystal meth is made with the ingredient pseudoephedrine, which is found in many flu and cold remedies.

It was mainly produced in labs in Mexico however many small labs appear to have sprung up in South Africa. The ingredients are usually variable-depending on that is cheap and accessible at the time, therefore the user never quite knows what they are getting. There is some indication from users that it is laced with what they refer to as “spiritual stuff” (muti).

What Are the Effects?

Meth can make a user’s body temperature rise so high they could pass out or even die.
A user may feel anxious and confused, be unable to sleep, have mood swings, and become violent.
A user may age quickly. His/her skin may dull, and he/she can develop hard-to-heal sores and pimples. They may have a dry mouth and stained, broken, or rotting teeth (meth mouth).
They may also become paranoid and hear and see things that aren’t there.

It is this last point that seems to be the most prevalent and most concerning for rehab and addiction practitioners. An almost entrenched paranoia that seems to last for many months even though the toxic effects of the methamphetamine should, theoretically, no longer be present in the body

The research

The link between crystal meth use and symptoms of paranoia is well known and well documented in the relevant literature. The real concern for practitioners in the rehab field is being able to differentiate what is crystal meth induced paranoia and what is possibly a psychiatric disorder such as schizophrenia or even bipolar mood disorder.

Several research groups, especially in Japan, have successfully studied methamphetamine-induced paranoia. These studies are well respected as the Japanese methamphetamine subculture is characterised by single use drug users as poly-drug (multiple substances) use has been uncommon. The results showed that a small percentage of meth users suffer from entrenched paranoia after at least 6 months of sobriety but there were a number of cases where even though people had been clean for many years there were still signs of paranoid delusions unrelated to a more severe psychiatric disorder.

Meth-induced psychosis sometimes presents in a similar way to paranoid schizophrenia and research has shown that at least 60 percent of people who use meth experience psychotic symptoms and syndromes.

What are the major signs of meth induced psychosis?

delusions
hallucinations,
paranoia, and sometimes
violent behaviour.

It is extremely difficult to differentiate hallucinations from what is real.

Prior to developing psychosis, a person who uses meth, may encounter a pre-psychotic state that is marked by delusional moods and ideas of reference or believing that everyday events have great personal significance. Delusions and hallucinations accompany full-blown psychosis.

People who are dependent on meth, who use high doses, who experienced childhood trauma, and/or who start taking the drug at a young age have an increased risk of having psychotic symptoms. The sleep deprivation that often accompanies meth use may aggravate these symptoms as well.

Other warning signs of crystal meth psychosis

Meth delusions: A person has strange, unrealistic, and/or false beliefs.
Meth hallucinations: Auditory, visual, or tactile hallucinations make a person hear, see, or feel things that don’t exist.
Meth paranoia: A person becomes extremely suspicious of those around them and may even believe that people are out to get them.

This can result in very strained relationships with their fellow people in the recovery centre.

How long can these signs remain?

It is usually dependent on the physical characteristics of the individual as well as their level of mental health, and severity of drug use.

Meth psychosis may last several hours, and on average, a person typically recovers from it in one week. However, psychosis sometimes lasts for months and even years after a person stops using. Spontaneous flashback psychotic episodes may also be triggered by stress or by using the drug again.

The Treatment processes

Individuals experiencing meth psychosis may need some form of stabilisation in specialised health care facilities before coming to rehab.

At Crossroads we apply the combination of the 12-step programme as well as the traditional Crossroads treatment methodology, which involves group therapy, family support and individual counselling .

Individuals with a dual diagnosis and co-occurring mental health disorders, such as schizophrenia, may be better served in an inpatient or residential treatment program until they are stable.

No Obligation Addiction Assessment

Book a No Obligation Confidential Assessment at your nearest Treatment Centre Today.

Johannesburg Admissions: +27 74 895 1043

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Stories of Recovery

The encouragement, love and support from the team at Crossroads allowed me to eventually see that I was worth something - that my life could be turned around and that I could accomplish the things that had long been a forgotten dream.
Oliver VG
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On the last day of my stint at Crossroads I could only express gratitude towards all who works there. A wise councillor once commented on my question when one is ready for rehab by explaining that when one is ready for rehab, rehab is ready for you.
Johan B
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I was lost and my soul was broken until I ended up at Crossroads and was introduced to the Twelve Steps. With the help of their excellent staff and amazing support I have recently been clean for 18 months, I could not have done it without them!
Carla S
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"Just for today I am more than three years in recovery. I have Cross Roads to thank for this wonderful gift. Cross Roads helped me to set a firm foundation in my recovery on which I can continue to build."
Angelique J
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Gratitude, more than an Attitude.

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Home / Posts tagged "#12 Step Programme" (Page 7)

Gratitude, more than an Attitude.

07 August, 2020Articles, News

“Gratitude unlocks the fullness of life. It turns what we have into enough, and more. It turns denial into acceptance, chaos to order, confusion to clarity. It can turn a meal into a feast, a house into a home, a stranger into a friend”.

-Melody Beattie.

“Please” and “Thank you” are simple words to which we often don’t pay much attention. They are expressions of gratitude. As recovering addicts, many of us already focus on the concept of gratitude on a daily basis, but why is this beneficial to us ? What does it mean, and what does the practice of gratitude do to our brains and our bodies?

Defining Gratitude:

Most psychologists categorize three types of gratitude:

Gratitude as an “affective trait” (one’s overall tendency to have a grateful disposition which is influenced by genetics, personality and culture). Not everyone has the same innate ability to experience gratitude, it can however, be cultivated.
A mood (daily fluctuations in overall gratitude), and an
Emotion (a temporary feeling of gratitude that one may feel after receiving a gift or a favour from someone).

Professor Robert Emmons is the world’s leading expert on gratitude, having devoted over 20 years to the topic. He defines the state of gratitude as :

Recognising that one has obtained a positive outcome and
Recognising that there is an external source for this positive outcome. One can be grateful to other people, to animals, institutions, spiritual beings and to the world, but not to oneself.

The Evolution of Gratitude.

Gratitude is wired into our biology and it it seems that it is not a characteristic unique to humans. Darwin suggested that humans and other animals share the “same emotions, even the more complex ones such as jealousy, suspicion, and gratitude”. Research has shown that fish, birds, mammals and primates demonstrate what is called reciprocity. Reciprocity, is a concept from social psychology, referring to the exchanging of actions. Reciprocity is characterized as the the exchange of goods and services between two individuals over time. It is an arrangement that mutually benefits both parties and allows for the continuation of the species over time. Reciprocal altruism, the socio-biological root of gratitude, is when an animal helps another member of the same species, sometimes at a cost to themselves. It is presumed that the favour will be repaid in the future.

Studies have focused on primates such as chimpanzees and capuchin monkeys. Primates are unable to express appreciation verbally, so they return favours. One study found that chimpanzees are more likely to share food with a chimpanzee that had groomed them earlier in the day, and are more likely to help another chimpanzee with a task if that chimpanzee had helped them in the past. It would appear that there is an evolutionary advantage to co-operating with others. The evolution of reciprocity into gratitude means that our brains have evolved to recognise when someone has done something beneficial for you and you are then motivated to repay them. As our brains evolved, they became better and better at reading emotions, and more selfish individuals were identified, resulting in less co-operation with them. Thus, gratitude is beneficial to us from an evolutionary perspective, it creates pro-social behaviour which has a circular effect and reinforces the behaviour of reciprocity. Indeed, ancient philosophers Cicero and Seneca thought of gratitude as foundational to the success of a civilization.

How is Gratitude Beneficial to us :

According to Emmons, gratitude,

Allows us to celebrate the present.
Blocks/ reduces the impact of toxic emotions such as regret, depression, envy, resentment (reduces the frequency and intensity of depressive episodes).
Grateful people are more resilient. They recover faster from stressful episodes. Gratitude has been shown to have an impact on PTSD and symptoms of anxiety.
Strengthens social ties. This, in turn, adds to self-worth.

Actively practising gratitude, counteracts negative feelings such as :

Envy
Social comparison
Narcissism
Cynicism
Materialism

People who are more grateful are happier, more satisfied, more resilient, make friends easier, have better relationships, sleep better, are less prone to addiction, as well as being less prone to burn-out.

In terms of neuroscience, focusing on what you are grateful for, calms the amygdala, which is the part of the brain associated with how we experience stress, fear and anger. When the amygdala is overactive, it releases cortisol and adrenaline into the bloodstream. These are stress hormones which provide us with necessary energy in times of danger, but can have damaging effects on the body in the long term, if the body produces them too often. Gratitude acts as a catalyst for neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline which manage our emotions, anxiety, and immediate stress responses.

The effects of actively practising gratitude have been shown to last for months. Changing our thoughts and feelings can assist us in rewiring our brains and can change our behaviour. It is important to remember that gratitude is a useful tool to assist in our recovery from addiction.

“It is through gratitude for the present moment that the spiritual dimension of life opens up”.

– Eckhart Tolle.

Resources :

An Antidote to Dissatisfaction : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WPPPFqsECz0&t=119s

What Is Gratitude? : https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/topic/gratitude/definition

The Evolution of Gratitude : https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/the_evolution_of_gratitude

The Science of Gratitude : https://ggsc.berkeley.edu/images/uploads/GGSC-JTF_White_Paper-Gratitude-FINAL.pdf?_ga=2.148257463.1232572343.1596654013-429792934.1596654013

The Neuroscience of Gratitude and How It Affects Anxiety & Grief : https://positivepsychology.com/neuroscience-of-gratitude/